Power of the Mind Revealed in Albert Camus The Guest Essay

Power of the Mind Revealed in Albert Camus â€Å"The Guest† In â€Å"The Guest†, a short story written by Albert Camus, Camus uses his views on existentialism to define the characters’ values. Camus’ effective use of descriptive words and individual thoughts and actions allows the reader to understand and sympathize with the characters’ judgments of one another, predominantly pertaining to the characters Daru and the Arab. Daru’s responses to the Arab and his decisions, Camus’ description of the Arab, and the Arab’s respect for Daru, prove that there is a basic goodness in humans, allowing them to accept responsibility and consequences for their acts of free will. In â€Å"The Guest†, Daru forms his own opinion about the Arab based on his†¦show more content†¦Daru’s further evaluation of the Arab was one of integrity and respect. Instead of developing a judgment about the Arab based on what he was told, Daru examined and intended to understand the Arab’s character on his own. He made a decision that the Arab was worthy of his trust: â€Å"He set the bowl down, went into the classroom, and put the revolver in his desk drawer† (322). Daru put the gun away because he felt that the Arab posed no threat of danger. By doing this, Daru formed a distinctive, honest connection between the two where they both respected each other and concentrated on the positive qualities. Daru also wanted to ensure the Arab’s safety and health throughout his journey: â€Å"There are dates, bread, and sugar. You can hold out for two days. Here are a thousand francs too† (326). Even though Daru had known the Arab for less than a day, he had established a civil, affectionate bond with Arab. To guarantee his wellbeing, Daru had prepared a â€Å"care† package. Again, though Daru hardly knew the Arab, he used his blameless intuition to grant the Arab respect and behavior as a friend. Additionally, the Arab shows his immeasurable respect for Daru by choosing spiritual freedom over physical freedom, a selfless gesture that would, in the Arab’s mind, save them both. Daru lets the prisoner choose his own fate of taking the path to the East and going on to the police headquarters, or the path to the

Enron Company The Shell Game - 855 Words

Enron was a business conglomerate during the 1990s, formed by the merger of smaller oil and energy companies. Houston executives Kenneth Lay (Chairman), Jeffrey Skilling (chief executive officer (CEO) and Andrew Fastow (chief financial officer (CFO) parlayed their new mega-company into a favorite Wall Street company, bragging of record profits with negligible losses. During the 1990s, the three senior executives changed Enron from a traditional gas and electricity company into a $150 billion energy corporation. For instance, from 1998 to 2000 only, Enron’s returns rose from approximately $31 billion to over $100 billion, making the company to be the seventh biggest conglomerate of the Fortune 500. Unidentified to nearly everybody, this picture was the result of one of the largest swindles in financial history (Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell, 2013). One of the key issues presented in the case was the shell game. Not every person knows this, but prices of stock are based on how flourishing a company appears, not the amount of money it has in the bank. Enron’s top executives, helped by appropriate deregulation of the power-utility industry, spin this dodge into a gold mine. They apparently posted profits founded on how much a particular business enterprise could generate, not how much it was essentially worth, and covered losses through offshore â€Å"shell† companies. The company’s accounting firm, Arthur Andersen LLP, was mature and well esteemed; not even a single person supposedShow MoreRelated Propaganda and Its Effect on America Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesimplying that God was on America’s side. [ Haraoka ]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another example of propaganda was an article about the success of Enron, a company that shortly after was proven to destroy important documents and crash in the stock market. [â€Å"Propaganda† Pg. 1, sec. 19]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enron Named Most Innovative for Sixth Year â€Å"HOUSTON -- Enron Corp. was named today the ‘Most Innovative Company in America’ for the sixth consecutive year by Fortune magazine. ‘Our world-class employees and their commitment to innovativeRead MoreEnron Is An Energy Trading, Electric Utilities And Natural Gas1454 Words   |  6 Pages Enron is an energy trading, electric utilities and natural gas formed in 1931. It was merged to Houston’s Natural Gas Company in 1985 by Kenneth Lay. It was the most innovative company for 6 years until it came crashing down in a terrible scandal known as the Enron Scandal which led to the suspension of Arthur Anderson. Enron’s stock price decreased rapidly and abruptly collapsed and filed for bankruptcy. Unfortunately, in 1987 Enron merged with Valhalla. The problem began because tradersRead MoreEnron : Ethics And Law1828 Words   |  8 PagesEnron – Ethics and Law Essay Mike Towle MBA 6070X Professor Louis Benedict October 17, 2014 TOWLE 2 The Enron Jeffrey Skilling and Ken Lay knew was one they kept to themselves and a few chosen colleagues. The rest of the world saw a global oil company on the cutting edge of its business and paving a path that other American firms could follow. In its trail, investors were getting rich, employees found reward and satisfaction, and the community it called home thought itRead MoreEnron: An Ethics Case Study1834 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Running head: Enron and Ethics Enron: An Ethics Case StudyEnron: An Introduction The previous decades have seen the birth and meteoric rise of several corporate giants such as Microsoft and Apple, both of which have all but become household names in this day and age. Neither achieved their level of success overnight, especially not since they have long been known to be in direct competition with each other. On the contrary, both of them have had their share of scandals and controversiesRead MoreThe Report On Climate Change Dictates5048 Words   |  21 Pagesbetween maintaining current business models that prioritizes immediate profit and short-termism in capitalizing on fossil fuel market while it remains feasible from an economic standpoint and from a return on energy investment perspective. (RoEI). Companies that promote short-termism in reaping maximum profit from the sustained growth in oil production may be caught off guard and suffer from potential climate change mitigation scenarios that could have drastic implications on the industry, such as theRead MoreTeaching Notes Robert Grant - Strategy 4th Edition51665 Words   |  207 PagesChallenge 62 7 Organizational Restructuring within the Royal Dutch/Shell Group 70 8 Harley-Davidson, Inc., January 2001 77 9 Online Broking Strategies: Merrill Lynch, Charles Schwab and E*Trade 83 10 11 12 Emi and the CT Scanner [A] [B] 88 Rivalry in Video Games 98 Birds Eye and the UK Frozen Food Industry 109 1 CONTENTS 13 14 15 16 Euro Disney: From Dream to Nightmare, 1987–94 116 Richard Branson and the Virgin Group of Companies in 2002 125 General Electric: Life After Jack 131 AES Corporation:Read MoreA Research Study On Global Warming5887 Words   |  24 Pages â€Æ' Abstract Oil majors are caught in a dilemma between being reactive or proactive in facing the rising urgency of climate change mitigation. Action on global warming mandates leaves oil companies no choice but to divest their assets in the carbon-intensive oil industry and shift their interest to low-carbon energy portfolios, their corporate strategies will have to either gamble on maximizing short-term profits in oil production while facing increasing climate change risks, or adapt their strategiesRead MoreTriple Bottom Line10664 Words   |  43 Pagessupporters contention that the overall fulfilment of obligations to communities, employees, customers, and suppliers (to name but four stakeholders) should be measured, calculated, audited and reported—^just as the financial performance of public companies has been for more than a century. This is an exciting promise. One of the more enduring cliches of modern management is that if you can t measure it, you can t manage it. If we believe that ethical business practices and social responsibilityRead MoreScams and Fraud in Stock Market5370 Words   |  22 Pages What is stock market? A stock market or equity market is a public market (a loose network of economic transactions, not a physical facility or discrete entity) for the trading privately of company stock and derivatives at an agreed price; these are securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those only traded . The size of the world stock market was estimated at about $36.6 trillion US at the beginning of OctoberRead MoreHe Corporate Social Responsibility : Tesco Study Case3615 Words   |  15 Pages We will treat the interest for a company to deal with responsible actions and activities, and the main breaks found by certain authors. The subject is treated in relation with marketing strategies and tries to persuade the readers that CSR is a good solution to gain competitive advantage. Executive summary: Several organizations such as governments, activists or the media, want to make the general public aware about the social consequences of the companies activities, by publishing different

Organizations

Question: Write an essay onOrganizations. Answer: In todays competitive environment that is persisting highly in the business zone across the world, maintenance of appropriate integration has become the foremost need. Organization Behaviour, therefore, is such a concept that requires an immediate recognition in almost all the companies. Commitment to an organization is one of most important motto that the organizations aim at. An organization in order to progress in their particular fields of specialization must ensure that the employees working in that particular organization are able to identify themselves with the goals of the organization. The managerial department of the particular firm should take into consideration the factors that affect the behaviour or the performance of the employees towards the organization. Organizational behaviour and therefore the aspect of organizational commitment to the organization are interrelated. Maintenance of proper work efficiency in a company demands that the organizational behaviour among the working staff and the leadership of the company is of utmost value. The very concept of organizational behaviour refers to the interface between the behaviour of the working staff of an organization and the organization itself. Organizational behaviour of the individuals working in a business firm determines largely the nature of growth of an organization. The industrial revolution that took place during the eighteenth century led to the intensification of the productive level of the industries. The increase in the levels of production was responsible for disrupting the organizational behaviour of the employees. The employees had to work under adverse conditions in the factories and with low payments. However, with the advent of modernisation during the post war era, the structure of the organizations underwent a change and the intensity of globalization made the organizations pose more focus upon the improvisation of the organizations. To survive in this competitive environme nt, the companies have to adopt certain policies that can help in the enhancement of the conditions of the employees. A varied set of factors influence the organizational behaviour of the companies. The relationship of the employees with the leadership of the organization, the structural framework of the company, the policies and schemes directed to the welfare of the employees, integrated structure of the management and maintenance of unity in the diversity that remains present in the organizational culture are the measuring heads. These factors determine the organizational behaviour and its impact upon the organization. Discussion: According to Barnard, (1938), Organizations are cooperative or social systems that involve and require the coordination of the tangible and the intangible, i.e. the individuals and the technology. Both the professional and the personal matter should amalgamate in an accurate manner. Thus, most of the critics are of the opinion that the Organizational Behaviour is the study of the functioning and performance of an organization and the ways in which the individuals working in the company that decide the growth of that particular organization. Organizational Behaviour is all about the way the environment of an organization influence the individuals or the people working in an organization, and vice versa. It can be more appropriately described as the branch of applied science that deals with the study of a total interdisciplinary approach that is humanistic and oriented towards the objectives of the organization (Hogg and Terry 2014.). The very concept of Organizational behaviour empha sizes the fact that a business process is actually a social system and not only a technology or economic aspects based organization. Therefore, participation of the individuals in each process as a whole constitutes the formation and systematic operation of an industry. Reasons for conducting an organizational Behaviour: The managers in todays competitive world have increasingly felt the need for undertaking the monitoring of the functioning of the organizations. The companies conduct the audits in different ways. The adjustment between an individual and organization has serious implications upon the proper maintenance of the strategies of an organization. The cultural audits are often undertaken by the companies in order to assess the status of socialization existing in a particular company between the leadership and the workforce. This kind of audit is conducted to examine the values and beliefs prevailing in the organization. This audit helps to analyse the cultural atmosphere of the organization. The critical events that happen in the companies are evaluated by such audits that help in deciding the basic policies that need to be set forth for minimising such critical events, so that the positive effects can be enhanced. An organization is always formed via appropriate integration of the subcultur es. As and when the individuals working in an organization is able to acquaint them with such an atmosphere and enrich socialization, that particular organization is able to enrich its position in terms of organizational behaviour (Naylor et al. 2013). The chief function of the audit teams remain in evaluating the ethical behaviour of the organizations. An ethics audit is conducted in order to check whether the leadership or the authorities of the company enforces and maintains its commitment to the ethical norms. The auditors must be efficient and qualified to be competent enough to understand all the relevant industry standards. The ethics audit team with the help of the reports gathered via the primary sources, customers and stakeholders could survey the ethical behaviour of a company appropriately. The audit team is also required by the organization to make survey whether the individuals working in the organization accurately follow the codes or business practices. Violation of the ethical standards in a company will lead to the decline in the profitable position of any business organization in the business world. Therefore, it becomes very essential for the company to conduct auditing at regular intervals (OSISIOMA 2015.). Areas to be assessed in an Organizational Behaviour Audit: Firstly, in the relationship between an organizations workforce and the authorities is intensely fundamental in order to ensure employee retention and developing organizational commitment among the employees. The audit team therefore must therefore examine the values shared between the employees and the leadership and the managerial department of the company. If the relationship between the organizations administrative and the workforce report a dispute, then the audit team must suggest certain strategies that would help in developing corporate relationships (Barrick 2013). Secondly, auditing of the control environment becomes an integral factor. Surveys should be conducted wit h respect to the inner workings of the organization. The audit team should evaluate the standards of performance management during the process of auditing the organizational behaviour. Performance audit is conducted by the company in assessing the level or the quality of the performance of the employees of any particular organization (Naylor et al. 2013). Thirdly, grievances audit is another part of organizational audit program. In case of organizational behaviour audit, the audit needs to make a sincere survey regarding the feedback of the employees. If the employees render a negative feedback in terms of the financial and moral support provided to them by the employees, the audit team would suggest vital policies and programs that are required to gain the employee retention and thereby increase the commitment of the employees (Montano and Kasprzyk 2015). Fourthly, there exists the intelligence audit that helps to determine and examine the manner in which an organization operates in the industry and how the surrounding environment poses impact upon the functioning of the organization. The intelligence audit takes into account the strategic business processes, procedures and cultures that define the entire infrastructure of an organization. The intelligence system of an organization should be flexible enough to adapt itself to the changes occurring in the surrounding environment and thereby meet the business interests. Factors evaluated in the above mentioned areas: The first and foremost factor that is important in an organization is the employees. The efficient performance of the employees ultimately upgrades the functioning of a business organization. Therefore, the audit or survey of the performance of the workforce is the major factor that needs to be undertaken by the audit team. There should be an evaluation of the cultural scenario of the organizations. The entire working staffs of an organization are characterized by the cultural diversity. Therefore, it becomes important that there remains integrity in this diversity. The management of the organization remains always responsible for proper administration of the cultural framework within the organization.The welfare of the employees is another most important concern that should be taken into account during the audit. It is because when the employees of a business concern are aware of the fact that the firm is providing all the required and justified requirements that can enhance the pro ductivity and efficiency of the employees (Craft 2013).The organizational behaviour audit must appropriately conduct the survey regarding the decision making approach of the firm. An active participation on the part of every individual is an absolute pre-requisite in case of every firm. Thus, the auditing of the business organizations should make an analysis of such aspects of any firm. It should most importantly assess that the decisions taken by the firm are judicious and are directed at achieving the aims of The leadership strategies of an organization also determine largely the commitment of the employees towards the organization. The audit team is required to make an appraisal of the same. If the process of auditing is able to find any such practices that are against the ethical norms that should be maintained, then immediate amendments need to be suggested by the team (Zwijze-Koning 2016). Corrupt practices need to be strictly prohibited and actions have to be taken if any suc h cases are detected. These factors related to the organizational behaviour of an organization occupy an integral position in the organization and its performance in the business world. It is only when the leadership strategies of an organization are efficient and able to provide the employees with needed job satisfaction that a business concern heads towards its path of progress. Furthermore, the capability or rather the eligibility of the workers to work in a culturally diverse environment also measures the achievement of an organization in terms of its human relation approach (Benn et al. 2014.). Seasonal auditing of the business organizations help in making the aims of those organizations much more defined.The Theories that `lead the formation as well as support the concept of the Organizational Behaviour reveal the fact that the only the recruitment of the highly qualified and prudent employees in an organization do not serve the purpose of achieving the set goals of a business concern. It shows the fact that the prosperity of an organization depends largely upon various aspects related to the approaches of the individuals working in an organization. It is mainly the process of socialization that constitutes one of the major factors in shaping the ultimate future of a business industry. Many positive and negative dimensions with regard to the organizational performance presume the extent growth and stability of a company. The theory of Intelligence (Emotional Intelligence) forms one of the major theories with respect to the notion of Organizational Behaviour. This is the theory that states that it is the ability of the individuals to identify, understand and integrate ones own thoughts and feelings as well as those of others, which helps the leadership of an organization to carry out the entire wok process in a proficient way. This concept applies to even the workforce of the company. As and when the individuals working in a concern are able to understand the thought process of each other, then managing different issues in an organization becomes easy. The leadership of an organization is liable to understand the shared values among the employees and their mindset, and thereby takes decisions accordingly (Baran 2012). Secondly, there is the Theory of Personality. The personality of an individual that is an integration of a persons personal traits and beliefs play a very important role at the workplace. The differing personalities in a company determine the productivity and quality standards in a company. The personality traits of the working staffs in an organization are considered to be an important predictor of the performance of the individuals. Conscientiousness, emotional stability, extraversion, emotional stability and agreeableness are the characteristics that enable to decide upon the abilities needed on the part of the individuals to continue working ethically and resourcefully in an organization (Montano and Kasprzyk 2015) . Thirdly, it will be most vital for an organization to captivate the motivation of the workforce of an organization. Motivation differs from one organization to another. Some individuals find motivation via the meaningful relationships that develop at the workplace; it is the sense of belongingness and identity that motivate them to upgrade their work and meet the expectations of the company. On the other hand, there are others who are instigated or rather motivated by their fundamental aims in life (McShane and Von Glinow 2015). They are morally responsible and maintain the ethical norms in an organization. These kinds of people are motivated by their sincerity and always provide supportive stance to the company. Fourthly, there comes the theory of perception. This theory states that in order to maintain the organizational behaviour in a company, the authorities require to have a dexterous pattern of perception. Both the employees and the authorities of a business organization upo n all the aspects related to their departments should give focus. The focus or the perception should not be confined to any particular factor. It is only when the scope of perception is increased then the business interests can receive a boost and easily achieve the aims (Agwu 2013). Theory of the Attitudes and Behaviour is almost similar to the theory of Personality. Attitude refers to a particular state of mind that an individual possesses. The modes of thinking and acting on the part of the individuals operating in an organization predict their impact upon the organization and vice versa. These together, thus denote the attitude and behaviour of the people. Behaviour constitutes the manner in which the individuals in an organization behave with each other. The introduction of new provisions in favour of the employees will automatically change the attitude and behaviour of the employees towards their work and they can be easily inspired to be more productive (Amujo et al.2013). Ju lius Berger Nigeria Plc is a Nigerian Construction company, located in Abuja and founded in the year 1950 excels in its structural engineering and infrastructure works throughout Nigeria. The company has turned to be a well known one in Nigeria, in terms of constructing the major expressways, residential buildings. The company undertook the major projects of Nigeria, such as the construction of the Lagos Inner Ring Road, Tin Can Island Port, National Assembly Phase III, Challawa Gorge Dam Karaye and many others like the Eko Bridge and the Third Mainland Bridge in 1968, and 1990 respectively. Although the company is engaged in the dealings of the domestic and international oil and gas industry projects, the business related to the construction forms the chief concern of the company. It is the heart of the companys major share of revenues and progress. The company provides employment to nearly 20000 employees in 40 nations. The company became one of the largest private employers in Ni geria (Alleyne et al. 2013). The company continually tries to upgrade its business policies and strategies for the better management of the employees. The development of the knowledge and skills of the workforce are enhanced by the company in order to increase the competency of the employees. The company is extremely committed in paying information to the stakeholders and the employees regarding the business activities so that it is able maintain good and long term relationship with the all the members who are associated with the organization. The organization remains excessively sincere in maintaining the safety and a healthy environment, so that the no adverse impact is imposed upon the society and the members related to the company. The company maintains the business integrity and abides by the laws that are applicable while operating in Nigeria and even makes its business partners and shareholders follow the same (Fernandez-Feijoo 2014).Planning of an Organizational Behaviour au dit for the Julius Berger Company: The audit team headed by the Organizational Behaviour analyst that will conduct the evaluation of the organizational commitment or organizational behaviour of the company requires at first the permission of the CEO of Julius Berger Plc. The company is proceeding well in terms of its employee retention strategy and maintenance of the ethical standards regarding the relationship with the surrounding societal structure and the stakeholders or the business shareholders (Korschun et al.2014). Thus, the audit team needs after receiving the approval from the CEO of the company should plan the audit in the following manner: The audit team should take into account at the first phase the examination of the infrastructural facilities and positioning of the company, whether it is in favour of the employees and the society. Second phase would constitute of the evaluation of the mode relationship between the leadership and the workforce of the organization. Th e auditing should be done for surveying the rate of compatibility of the working staffs in a culturally diverse atmosphere as the company employs the members from across the 40 nations. One to one interaction with the employees and the authorities, the managers and supervisors need to be conducted by the audit group in private in order to know the actual status. This will help in knowing the personalities, factors of motivation and perception as a whole of the entire working staffs. Information regarding the quality of the performance management needs to be adopted from the management department of the company as well as from some of the consumers or shareholders associated with the firm. The strategies adopted by the firm in terms of the welfare management of the employees and efficient management of the ethical norms of socialization should be reviewed by the auditing team in order to know the current position. Thus, the Organizational Behaviour analyst should comply with all the above mentioned theories of organizational behaviour and the current status of the organization while conducting the auditing of Julius Berger Nigeria Plc. Conclusion: Corporate social responsibility has become of the most important aspects prevailing in the business world. Thus, the business organizations need to enhance their strategies that can help in maintaining the organizational behaviour within the company. This will in turn help the company in becoming socially responsible. When the relation among the employees and between the workforce and the leadership of the organization are strong and healthy, automatically, the company will be able to gain the required growth in the national and international zone. This can be accomplished by the virtue of integrated relationship between the person and the organization. References: Agwu, M.O., 2013. Conflict management and employees performance in Julius Berger Nigeria PLC. Bonny Island. International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM) Vol, 2, pp.125-139.Alleyne, P., Hudaib, M. and Pike, R., 2013. Towards a conceptual model of whistle-blowing intentions among external auditors. The British Accounting Review, 45(1), pp.10-23.Amujo, O., Otubanjo, O. and Laninhun, A., 2013. Media News Effects on the Formation of Stakeholders' Opinions About the Reputation of Business Organizations in Nigeria. Global Media Journal: Mediterranean Edition, 8(1).Arruada, B., 2013. The economics of audit quality: Private incentives and the regulation of audit and non-audit services. Springer Science Business Media.Baran, B.E., Shanock, L.R. and Miller, L.R., 2012. Advancing organizational support theory into the twenty-first century world of work. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27(2), pp.123-147.Barrick, M.R., Mount, M.K. and Li, N., 2013. The theory of purposeful work behavior: The role of personality, higher-order goals, and job characteristics. Academy of Management Review, 38(1), pp.132-153.Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014. Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge.Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015. Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA.Chun, J.S., Shin, Y., Choi, J.N. and Kim, M.S., 2013. How does corporate ethics contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of collective organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Management, 39(4), pp.853-877.Craft, J.L., 2013. A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 20042011. Journal of Business Ethics, 117(2), pp.221-259.Dent, M. and Whitehead, S. eds., 2013. Managing professional identities: Knowledge, performativities and the'new'professional (Vol. 19). Routledge.Fernandez-Feijoo, B., Romero, S. and Ruiz, S., 2014. Commitment to corporate social responsibility measured through glob al reporting initiative reporting: Factors affecting the behavior of companies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 81, pp.244-254.Fontaine, R., Letaifa, S.B. and Herda, D., 2013. An interview study to understand the reasons clients change audit firms and the client's perceived value of the audit service. Current Issues in Auditing, 7(1), pp.A1-A14.Furnham, A. and Gunter, B., 2015. Corporate Assessment (Routledge Revivals): Auditing a Company's Personality. Routledge.Hogg, M.A. and Terry, D.J. eds., 2014. Social identity processes in organizational contexts. Psychology Press.Korschun, D., Bhattacharya, C.B. and Swain, S.D., 2014. Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees. Journal of Marketing, 78(3), pp.20-37.McShane, S.L. and Von Glinow, M.A., 2015. Organizational Behavior 7/e.Montano, D.E. and Kasprzyk, D., 2015. Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model. Health behavior: Theory , research and practice (.Moses, O., Jatau, U.V., Ande, J.O.M. and Okwoli, A.A., 2014. Firms' performance and corporate social disclosures: crosssectional evidence of Nigerian firms. International Journal of Management Practice, 7(4), pp.341-365.Mudrack, P.E. and Mason, E.S., 2013. Ethical judgments: What do we know, where do we go?. Journal of Business Ethics, 115(3), pp.575-597.Mller, R., Andersen, E.S., Kvalnes, ., Shao, J., Sankaran, S., Rodney Turner, J., Biesenthal, C., Walker, D. and Gudergan, S., 2013. The interrelationship of governance, trust, and ethics in temporary organizations. Project Management Journal, 44(4), pp.26-44.Naylor, J.C., Pritchard, R.D. and Ilgen, D.R., 2013. A theory of behavior in organizations. Academic Press.OSISIOMA, H., NZEWI, H. and Paul, N., 2015. Corporate Social Responsibility and Performance of Selected Firms in Nigeria. IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Business Management, 3(3).Pinder, C.C., 2014. Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press.Svanberg, J. and hman, P., 2013. Auditors' time pressure: does ethical culture support audit quality?. Managerial Auditing Journal, 28(7), pp.572-591.Zwijze-Koning, K.H., 2016. Auditing organizational communication: evaluating the methodological strengths and weaknesses of the critical incident technique, network analysis, and the communication satisfaction questionnaire.

Transformation free essay sample

I faced the sponge-shaped building, petrified by the concept of the unknown.Simmons Hall, one of the most distinctive dorm buildings on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology campus, towered over me, framed by a grayish sky. Knots twisted in my stomach as my mom unloaded my suitcases from the rental car, paid the parking meter, and wheeled the luggage inside. Six weeks was a long time to be competing with seventy nine of the brightest young minds in the country. I wasnt exactly sure I was making the best decision. I found out about MITs Minority Introduction to Engineering and Science (affectionately called MITES) through my chemistry teacher. At the time, I believed her to be wrongly optimistic about my chance of acceptance, but she insisted I was a perfect fit. I subsequently researched the program and was genuinely intrigued by what it had to offer: the opportunity for learning and exploration without the weighty burden of maintaining a GPA. We will write a custom essay sample on Transformation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Completely invested, I applied, though largely doubtful of acceptance. When I received notification of my selection, a flood of emotions swept over me, the strongest of which were excitement and a sense that something big was about to happen for me. But now, standing in front of the physical representation of my excitement, I couldn’t fathom constantly comparing myself to so many intelligent people. The asymmetric building seemed to grow, magnifying the anxiety that was building inside of me. I attempted to swallow my nerves, desperately trying to project a facade of comfort. Climbing up the stairs with an air of confidence, I strode into the belly of the beast. Upon checking in and meeting the program supervisor, I said goodbye to my mom, attempting more to assure myself than her that I would be perfectly okay. I rode the elevator up into Tower C, staring at the floor and wondering how my typical excitement and enthusiasm had melted away into a puddle of worry. I took the C Tower elevator many more times during the summer. Fortunately, I never felt the way I had the first day again. The elevator became a method of transportation between floors for group projects, late night snack sessions, and movie nights. It became a place for thirty-second pep talks and spontaneous dance parties, and, more importantly, the people riding with me became family. My feelings of insufficiency were replaced by a reinvigorated confidence and general excitement about learning everything I could, both about others and about myself. Gone were my fears of failure; I had realized failure’s importance in my development and the benefits of not comparison, but collaboration. I had inadvertently found what it was I was looking for this summer: I had reclaimed the love of learning for the sake of learning, a dormant passion of mine that had been buried beneath years of accumulating numbers and statistics. I experienced what it meant to question the world and to be impassioned to work towards the future, not just for a title or status, but for real progress. So much in life is accomplished not by being the best, but by being open to what others have to offer. It was this summer that I solidified that understanding and embraced transformation not just of the world, but of myself, too.

Bill of Rights Essays - James Madison, 1st United States Congress

Bill of Rights Essays - James Madison, 1st United States Congress Prof Lauren Conj Comm 301 15 November 2015 In the USA Bill of Rights refers to the document defining fundamental rights of people and which were incorporated in toe US constitution by the first ten amendments to the Constitution that came into effect in 1791. And the Fourteenth amendment, adopted in 1868, provides, among other things, a broad definition of citizenship, which ensured that the blacks are also considered citizens of the USA. It also expressly prohibits states form enacting any law or taking any action that abridges the fundamental rights or freedom of people. In this way the fourteenth amendment made the application the bills of rights much more effective in two ways. It made sure that the fundamental rights are enjoyed by all people irrespective of their race or other similar sectarian considerations. Further, it removed any ambiguity that may have existed about the power of states to abridge the fundamental rights of the people. One of the principal points of contention between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists was the lack of an enumeration of basic civil rights in the Constitution. Many Federalists argued, as in Federalist No. 84, that the people surrendered no rights in adopting the Constitution. In several states, however, the ratification debate in some states hinged on the adoption of a bill of rights. The solution was known as the Massachusetts Compromise, in which four states ratified the Constitution but at the same time sent recommendations for amendments to the Congress. James Madison introduced 12 amendments to the First Congress in 1789. Ten of these would go on to become what we now consider to be the Bill of Rights. One was never passed, while another dealing with Congressional salaries was not ratified until 1992, when it became the 27th Amendment. Based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights, the English Bill of Rights, the writings of the Enlightenment, and the rights defined in the Magna Carta, the Bill of Rights contains rights that many today consider to be fundamental to America.

The Crimes of Nate Kibby

The Crimes of Nate Kibby On October 9, 2013, a 14-year-old student left Kennett High School in Conway, New Hampshire and started walking home by her usual route. She sent several text messages between 2:30 p.m. and 3 p.m. during her walk, but she never made it home. Nine months later, on Sunday, July 20, 2014, the state attorney general announced that the teen had been reunited with her family and that the family was asking for privacy. Additionally, authorities were tight-lipped about the case, giving no details whatsoever to the media. Kibby Faces Additional Charges July 29, 2015 - A New Hampshire man accused of kidnapping a 14-year-old girl and holding her captive for nine months has now been charged with threatening the lead prosecutor in the case. Nathaniel Kibby has been charged with improper influence, criminal threatening, and obstructing government administration. The charges stem from a phone call that he made from jail which was recorded. In the Carroll County House of Corrections phone call, Kibby made vulgar threats to harm Associate Attorney General Jane Young. Young was not the recipient of the phone call. The improper influence charge is a felony while the other two new charges are misdemeanors. Kibbys trial is scheduled to begin in March 2016. He faces 205 charges related to the kidnapping of a Conway high school student who he took to his Gorham home and forced her to remain there and in a storage shed using threats, a stun gun, zip ties, and a shock collar. Kibby Indicted on 205 Charges Dec. 17, 2014 - A man arrested for kidnapping a New Hampshire 14-year-old and holding her captive for nine months has been indicted on more than 200 charges related to the case. Nathaniel Kibby could spend the rest of his life in prison if convicted of the charges. Kibby was indicted on 205 charges that included kidnapping, sexual assault, robbery, criminal threatening, illegal use of a gun and illegal use of an electronic restraint device. When the grand jury indictment was released this week, more than 150 of the charges were redacted in an effort to not cause further harm to the teenaged victim, authorities said. Those charges are related to the sexual assault of the girl. According to the parts of the indictment that were not redacted, Kibby used a stun gun, a dog shock collar, zip ties and death threats to the girl, her family and her pets to maintain control over her during her nine months in captivity. While she was in captivity, Kibby would gag the teen, put a shirt over her head and face, and put a motorcycle helmet over that while she was zip-tied to a bed. He also used a fake surveillance camera to control her. He was also indicted for destroying evidence by disposing of many of the items that he used to control his victim. The victims family has asked that her name and photo no longer be used because it could hamper her recovery and authorities and some media outlets have complied with that request. However, the family sought extensive coverage of the case while the teen was missing, setting up a website publicizing the case. Even after Kibby was arrested, the family made statements through their attorney naming the victim; and the teenager herself appeared at Kibbys arraignment and was photographed in the courtroom, as we reported earlier. The About.com Crime Punishment website will not use the victims name and photo in coverage going forward. Numerous Acts of Unspeakable Violence Aug. 12, 2014 - An attorney for the New Hampshire teen who was abducted at age 14 and returned home nine months later said the girl suffered numerous acts of unspeakable violence during her captivity and now needs time and space to heal. Michael Coyne, attorney for Abby Hernandez and her mother posted the following statement on the Bring Abby Home website: On behalf of Abigail Hernandez and her mother, Zenya Hernandez, we want to thank the New Hampshire State Police, the FBI, the Conway Police Department, all of the many law enforcement agencies that were involved in this effort, the community of Conway, the people of New England and everyone that cared about Abby’s abduction and prayed for Abby’s safe return as well as the media’s efforts to bring attention to her kidnapping and assist with her miraculous survival. Abby needs and wants some time and space to physically and emotionally heal. It is going to be a long process in pursuit of justice for Abby and for Abby to get physically and emotionally stronger. We do not intend to have this case tried in the press. As the justice system moves forward, and the evidence is revealed, questions about this horrific event will be answered. Abby was violently abducted by a stranger. For many months, she suffered numerous acts of unspeakable violence. Through her faith, fortitude and resilience, she is alive today and home with her family. Abby simply asks that you respect her wishes and the justice process as this case moves forward. We trust that justice will be done. On behalf of Abby, we ask that you be sensitive to the well-being of this child and give her the time and space she needs - that any of us would desire for a member of our own family or loved one who suffered as she has. Few Investigation Details Released July 29, 2014 - With very little official information available, speculation ran wild that, because she was missing for nine months, the teen was pregnant, she went away to have the baby and then returned home to her family. That story was false. Some of the mystery surrounding the disappearance of Abby began to be revealed with the arrest of a 34-year-old Gorham, New Hampshire man in connection with the case. Nathaniel E. Kibby was arrested July 28, 2014, and charged with felony kidnapping. However, when he was arraigned Tuesday, July 29, 2014, in ​the  circuit court, prosecutors and law enforcement were still not releasing many details about the on-going investigation. Defense Attorney Seeks Information Kibbys attorney, public defender Jesse Friedman, asked the judge to force prosecutors to turn over the probable cause and search warrant affidavits so that he could know how to advise his client. Were in the position that essentially all that we have is a piece of paper, said Friedman about the police complaint. In order to adequately defend Nate, we need an opportunity to see that (other documents). More Charges Coming? The piece of paper in question is the one-sentence police complaint against Kibby which said he committed the crime of kidnapping and ​that  he knowingly confined A.H. with a purpose to commit an offense against her. The complaint did not specify what offense Kibby committed against Hernandez. I have no idea what offense they are alluding to because I dont have information other than whats on this piece of paper, said Friedman. Im not sure as a matter of constitutionally defending Nate, I can even explain to him what hes being charged with because I dont know. Search Warrants Issued Associate Attorney General Jane Young told the court that she had just received the defenses motion to unseal the affidavits and under court rules, she had 10 days to respond. Young told the judge that the investigation is on-going and information in those affidavits could hamper that investigation. Young said the search warrants in question were being carried out at the time and depending on what they found more search warrants may be requested. Shipping Container Searched? Photographs taken by reporters of Kibbys mobile home in Gorham showed police crime tape around a metal shipping container which appeared to be set up as a storage shed in Kibbys backyard. Authorities would not confirm that Abby had been confined inside that container. Judge Pamela Albee denied the defense motion and ordered the records sealed. She also set August 12 for a probable cause hearing in the case. She set Kibbys bail at $1 million and set conditions he would have to meet if he was able to post bond. Abby Faces Her Abductor Abby Hernandez attended Kibbys arraignment. The 15-year-old walked into the courtroom, followed by her mother, sister, and other supporters and sat in the front row behind the prosecutors table. Asked by reporters as she left the courtroom if she had anything to say, the teen told them firmly, No. Following the hearing, a press conference was conducted by state Attorney General Joseph Foster, Kieran Ramsey of the FBI, and Young. They gave few details of the investigation, but they praised the courage and strength of Abby and her family in helping with the investigation. Abbys Courage, Strength Hailed FBI Agent Ramsey said the community and the team of investigators were important in bringing about an arrest, but most of the credit goes to Abby. â€Å"Abby herself helped her safe return through her courage and resolve to come home,† Ramsey said. Family members said that Abby had lost weight and appeared malnourished when she returned home  July 20. She is working to build her strength back and we hope soon she will be back on solid foods, the family said. No Longer Weak Abby is very thin and weak. We continue to work towards getting her to eat, family friend Amanda Smith said in a statement. Abby has shown incredible courage through this. She is beyond grateful to be home and is just relaxing, resting, trying to get her health back. When she walked into the courtroom to face Nathaniel Kibby July 29, she looked anything but weak.

Management of change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Management of change - Research Paper Example In line with this, the process through which an organization will manage its change process determines the success or the failure of the organization. Bringing the human resources together to work for one common objective, during the process of change, requires the incorporation of various change management theories and other approaches. In effect, this sets different business organizations apart from others and ensures that they remained competitive in the global business environment. In view of the importance of change in the contemporary business society, this essay elucidates on various important factors using the presented case study. First, it is important to identify the drivers of change in any business organization and identify the agents responsible for change. Consequently, using the available evidence in this case, it is important to investigate the perspectives of managed change applicable to this particular case. Conversely, managers face dilemmas while confronting vari ous situations in the organization. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the dilemmas of change faced my managers in this case while also accessing strategic thinking in this business organization regarding the process of change. Finally, it is crucial to investigate the causes, processes and consequences of change as presented in this case while focusing on the prescriptive model. Drivers and Agents of Change It is important to point out that change in an organization does not occur without drivers and agents that push for the change to occur. Therefore, it is important to point out that different change drivers and agents of change require managers to operate in approaches that helped an organization withstand the change process. Drivers of change are crucial in identifying what causes the change in an organization. In effect, drivers of change can be classified under two categories with these drivers being in either external or internal. Internal drivers of change include the cul ture of the organization, organizational behavior, and the mindset in an organization (D. Anderson & L. Anderson 2010). Based on the foregoing, it should be noted that the change process in this case is driven by factors within the organization that

Ase brief Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Ase brief - Research Paper Example In order for the appointments to be effective, the commissions were required to be delivered to the appointees. Most of the commission had been duly delivered. Jefferson argued that the remaining commissions were void since they had not been delivered by the expiration of president Adams’ presidential term. Marbury, an intended appointee applied to the US Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus to ensure that the commissions were duly delivered. II. The Law Pursuant to Article III Section 2 Clause 2 of the US Constitution, all cases relative to Ambassadors, public Consuls and ministers and cases in which the state is a party, the Supreme Court is possessed of original jurisdiction. Any other case falling under the authority of the judiciary, the Supreme Court will have the authority to determine appeals subject to any exceptions and/or regulations that Congress may apply. Under Section 13 of the Judiciary Act 1789, the Supreme Court has the authority to hear appeals from circuit courts and state courts and will also have the authority to issue prohibitive writs to district courts and writs of mandamus to any appointed courts or individuals in public office. III. Legal Questions/Issues The main legal questions/issues were: Is the claimant entitled to the commission?Does the claimant have a legal remedy? Does the Supreme Court have the jurisdiction to review Congressional decisions and to ascertain whether or not such decisions are constitutional and valid? Does Congress have the authority to broaden the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court as contained in Article III of the US Constitution? Does the Supreme Court’s original jurisdiction include the authority to issue a writ of mandamus? IV. Holding/Decision and Action The US Supreme Court denied the writ of Mandamus with the result that the claimant did not obtain the commission. V. Opinion John Marshall, delivered the opinion of the court. The Court thus concluded that the claimant was entitled to the commission since it took effect once the Executive exercised its constitutional power of appointment and that power was the final act required of the executive exercising the authority. Therefore, once the commission was signed by the president it became effective. The court also ruled that the claimant did indeed have a legal remedy as it is implicit in the protection of civil rights: any person claiming harm has a right to the protection of the law. The US Supreme Court also ruled that the US Supreme Court has the power to review congressional decisions and to ascertain the constitutionality and validity of those decisions. It is the judiciary’s duty to state the law. In the application of the law to specific cases, the judiciary also has a duty to interpret and explain the applicable rule. When laws contradict each other, the Court has a duty to decide between the two. In all cases, the Constitution, the supreme law of the land will prevail where it is inconsistent with any other law. Moreover, the US Supreme Court ruled that Congress does not have the authority to expand upon the original jurisdiction accorded the Supreme Court beyond that conferred by Article III of the US Constitution. If Congress had such an authority, the Constitutional basis of original jurisdiction would be entirely meaningless. Finally, the Court ruled that the US Supreme Court did not have authority to issue a writ of mandamus within the parameters of its original jurisdic

FIFA World Cup 2014 In Brazil Essay Example for Free

FIFA World Cup 2014 In Brazil Essay In 2014 Brazil will host one of the most important competitions for the sports. It is the FIFA world cup. It will be the 20th official FIFA world cup and it will happen between June 12 and July 14 of 2014. This is the 20th edition of this competition and will be contested by the mens national teams from the 208 member associations of the FIFA. Brazil will be host the competition for the second time. The first time was in 1950 right after the World War 2. The two world cups before the one in 1950 got canceled because of the war. Seventeen cities showed interest in being chosen as world cup host cities, but usually FIFA only approves 8 to 10 cities so they ended up choosing 12 cities in 12 different states. The final game will happen in Rio de Janeiro at the Macarana stadium. The opening ceremony was supposed to happen at Sao Paulo’s football club stadium but technical problems wouldn’t allow it so a brand new stadium will be built just for the world cup. Rio de Janeiro is one of the most popular cities and is the second largest cities of Brazil, containing 6.3 million people and it is very famous for the samba, carnival and the Christ of Redeemer. Maracana is their principal and biggest stadium. It was built for the world cup in 1050. It was renovated in 2006 and fits 82 000 people but in the days it used to fit almost 200 000 people. Sao Paulo is also a popular city. Sao Paulo is the largest city in South and Central America. The population use a lot of public transportation because cars are v ery expensive and there is a lot of traffic. Sao Paulo is known as the â€Å"motor of the economy† because a lot of big companies has their bases in Sao Paulo.

comming from mississippi Essay -- essays research papers

While reading this book, I came across issues that I had already learned about in school over the years. I knew that for a least the past sixty years there has been some sort of conflict between the perceived to be white race and the perceived to be black race. No one really remembers how it all stared but the snowball effect had taken shape and it very rapidly spun out of control. Coming of Age in Mississippi written by Anne Moody was different however because it gave us an inside look as to how the black people in the heart of it all were directly affected. I have always read a unbiased version of this story and have never been able to relate to what I was reading simply because there was no emotion on the page but I found that this time around I had no problem feeling sorry and hurting for Anne Moody and her family. This book looks at all aspects of the Civil Rights era and gives examples to almost every sub topic but the subject that struck a cord for me was appearance. I am a w oman of mixed decent and I have heard in life time people call me yellow and I never thought anything of it until I read in the book that they used that same term to describe a black person with a lighter complexion. This played a huge role in the black community back during that time and it is still relevant today. It caused a black vs. black hatred and it divided the community at a time when they needed to come together the most. This idea that the lighter young skin is, the better you are still plays a role in the black communities around the nation today. This book has many examples of when it first started the turning point for light skinned blacks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first time that I came across the term yellow or â€Å"high yellow† in the book was when Essie Mae was describing Florence. She was Essie father’s best friends widow who he ending up leaving her mother for. â€Å"Florence was a mulatto, high yellow with straight hair. She was the envy of all the women on the plantation† (Moody, 18) This is a perfect example of the appearance issue. Just because this woman had lighter skin and straight hair, she became the envy of all the other woman. It was a way for the other men and woman around to make her stand out from the rest and make her feel even more different then she already did. In the book it makes it sound as though â€Å"dark† black people thought that being a m... ...ples of the Civil Rights movement and we are able to see first hand that everyone in the deep South was effected by it. We see how it changes Anne Moody from a young innocent child to a person who hates whites then to a person who works for the betterment of the black race. We see that no good came from the hate that was inflicted on so many people in Mississippi and that there were so many points in time that it all could have been stopped. We see the nice white people who help people in need and we also hear about people who have no problem burning people alive in their homes because they are black. It we had stopped this back in the 1960’s we wouldn’t have the problems that we struggle with today. People like me wouldn’t have to worry about dating a man darker then me in fear that someone will disapprove of it. We wouldn’t have the white vs. black and the black vs. black problems that are worldwide today. If we could have stopped it at the root, it wouldn’t have grown out of control. We have a problem today; we are all racist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Trinidad Education

In Trinidad, The Ministry of Education has the policy of free education for all. They preach that this ‘free’ education is not based on class, wealth, race, gender or ethnicity but rather is a way to ensure that the entire nation is educated. Though these are the promises on Trinidad’s and Tobago’s Education Policy Paper, how is it that only nine of every one thousand people continue onto college, university or any higher education after secondary school? Twenty-one percent of Trinidadians live in poverty, which means that twenty-one percent of citizens do not have access to running water or proper health care. Because of this, many children in these poor families immediately enter the world of work or become ‘beggars’ to help feed their family. This shows the importance of social class on the initial decision of whether a child will be educated or not. This is not common as only two percent of Trinidad’s population is illiterate. I would categorize myself in the middle to high status class in my country and this has, in many ways affected my educational opportunities. I lived in a town known as Diego Martin and though my neighborhood mostly consisted of people within my same social class, the town itself has many neighborhoods consisting of people living in poverty. Pre-school education is not considered by government policies and therefore, there are no public pre-schools and if a family wants to enroll their child in preschool they would have to do so privately and with their own money. This goes to show that the first level of education in Trinidad is in fact not free. Because of this, my parents enrolled me in a private pre-school, which would indeed have to be paid for with their own money. This shows the immediate impact that class has on one’s education from just the first steps. Pre-school in Trinidad usually takes about two years and here is where a child learns his numbers and letters and therefore these children living under the poverty line are somewhat ‘robbed’ of these essential learning years. After this, a child must then be signed up for primary school where he or he will spend the following seven years. There are two hundred and sixteen primary schools in the country, one hundred and sixty-three of which are funded by various religious institutions, thirty-two of which are funded by the government and therefore are completely free of charge, and twenty-one of which are privately run. I attended a privately run school as these had higher success rates in the SEA or Secondary Entrance Assessment examination that all primary school students are prepared for in order to gain placement in the school of one’s choice. Once again, though there is an availability of free primary level education, the members of the middle and higher social class send their children to privately run schools in order to ensure that teachers are constantly present and not on strike due to low government wages, and that their children receive a more well-rounded education as there are funds now for sports and other recreational activities. Personally, attending a private school made me not only feel safe, as there were not usually guards present in government funded institutions due to high cost, but to also gave me the opportunities to join different sporting teams and go on school ‘outings’ to various national attractions and the necessary preparation to gain a placement in the secondary school of my choice- the number one girls secondary school in Trinidad. The entrance examination is one aspect that I can truly say that had absolutely nothing to do with class, race or ethnicity as each student was given an identification number and placement into choice schools was done based on results. These secondary schools were again a seven-year course. Therefore, in total one should spend sixteen years at school in order to complete what is considered a general education but the average number of years spent at school in Trinidad is eleven. This means that the average student ‘drops out’ of secondary school after two years. As a female in the top all girls’ institution, I became very gender bias as my school continuously obtained the most government scholarships year after year. Not only that, but nationally women received a significant number of scholarships more than the men did. This may have wrongly shaped my idea that women are in fact smarter than men based on what I experienced at home. Tertiary education for many Trinidadians is extremely class bias. There is one university known as the University of the West Indies and though it is extremely renowned in engineering and mathematical studies it can only facilitate a very small percentage of graduates every year. Therefore, if one wishes to study, he or she may have to look at schools abroad which is a huge expense for any family. Studying in the United States has been a great privilege for me that would never have been possible if I belonged to a lower social class. Overall, my social status granted me opportunities unimaginable for many residents in my country. Despite government efforts to better the education levels of the country there is still a lot to be done in order to meet the goal that class does not determine one’s level or education.

To Kill a Mocking Bird Essay

To Kill A Mocking Bird the character Tactics is a major role model to his children. During the novel Tactics teaches his children many Important values. The main values include: everyone is equal, to put yourself in other peoples shoes, and not to Judge others before you get to know them. Everyone is equal Is a major value that Tactics teaches his children. He wants to teach them that no matter what color, social status or appearance people are people and they should be treated politely and fairly.An example of this Is where Tactics chooses to defend a Negro, he shows his children that although this man Is a Negro (despised by the white community) he Is going to defend him Like any other person. â€Å"If I TLD I couldn't hold my head up In town, I couldn't represent this country In the legislature, I couldn't tell you or Gem not to do something again. † This shows that If Tactics were to refuse to represent Tom, Just because he Is a Negro, he would utterly ashamed of himself. He teaches his children that It Is wrong to treat someone Like badly Just because of their different colored skin. L don't see any harm in letting her go out there. Called look after her there as well as she does here. † This quote shows that Tactics trusts this person. It shows that he considers her as an equal adult and see's her fit to look after his children out of work hours. This sends a hidden message to his children that everyone is equal no matter what status they have. Equality is a big value that Tactics teaches his children and as they grow up they learn this valuable lesson. Understanding others is another important value that Tactics wants to teach his children.He wants them to put themselves in other peoples shoes so they can better understand people and accept them for who they are. An example of this is when Scout starts talking about her first day of school and the topic comes to Miss Caroline â€Å"-until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. †˜ Tactics said that I had learned many things today and Miss Caroline had learned several things herself. She had learned not to hand something to a Cunningham, but if Walter and I had put ourselves in her shoes we'd have seen it was only an honest mistake on her part†¦. By telling Scout this, Tactics is getting his values across to his daughter. Tactics is teaching her to ‘put herself in other people's shoes'. Another example of understanding others is when Mr.. Lowell insults Tactics. â€Å"Gem see if you can stand in bib Ell's shoes for a minute. I destroyed his last shred of credibility at that trial, if he had any to begin with. The man had to have some kind of comeback, his kind always does. So if spitting in my face and threatening me will save Male Lowell one extra beating, that's something I'll gladly take†¦.. Once again Tactics Is teaching his children this Important value. In the end Gem and Scout have a better understanding of people because of their fa thers values. Do not Judge other's before you meet them Is another Important value to Tactics. Tactics wants his children not to Judge people because of gossip. An example of this Is Tom Robinson. Everyone In the town assumed he was guilty straight away, Just because he Is a Negro. â€Å"that all Negroes lie, that all Negroes are basically immoral beings, that all Negro men are not to be trusted around our women,†¦You know the truth and the truth is this: some Negroes lie, some is a truth that applies to the human race and not one particular race of men. † This is an important message as it is not only for Gem and Scout but for the whole community. It teaches them not to Judge on the color of skin. It also teaches them that although one may do wrong not all are like that. Another example of Judgment is Boo Raddled. He is portrayed as a evil person through rumors and gossip. As children Gem and Scout are terrified of Boo.They listen to all the gossip and stories and make up a mental picture that he is a horrible person. But as they grow Tactics teaches them not to Judge others before you meet them and they find out that Boo is actually a kind person. â€Å"†¦ Tactics, he was real nice†¦ â€Å"Most people are, Scout, when you finally see them. † It is at this stage that Scout learns this important value and starts understanding others. Tactics eventually teaches his children this extremely important value and it makes them better people.Tactics is an important role model for his children. He teaches them many important values to get them through life. The main focus of Attic's values relates to people and how you consider, understand, and Judge them. He teaches his children all of these values and they soon have a better understanding of people. As an important role model Tactics is partly responsible for their future, and by teaching his children these values he has given them a bright one. Word count: 905

Helf free Half slave essays

Helf free Half slave essays Solomon was a free slave. He encountered the beauty of freedom, which is described as having an economical and social life with total liberty. Even though free black people at that time (in the 19th century), really werent able to follow a stable life of liberty and justice, they were still better off being pretentiously free than to be tormented every day, being slaves. Solomon understood the meaning being a slave because he experienced it in a way he wouldve never really thought of. But the true importance to his experience is that he had the opportunity to tell of how brutal one person can be to another, and how inhumane a person can be. Like Solomon, there were also many other people who have been driven to the misfortune of being kidnapped and held into the white mans business of slavery. Many of these kidnapped people were well acquainted with Solomon, whom these people told of their stories to. People like Clemens Ray, and Eliza contributed on telling their stories. Telling stories on how their unfortunate race was subjected to the disadvantages, as Solomon described when he was speaking of his father. But, what is slavery? Many books and people best define slavery, by describing people who work hard, without a wage. Normally, one would get paid for a hard works labor, but these individuals would not. In my description of slavery, it is the state of being controlled by powerful people in which they inflict oppression onto you; and take advantage of the fact that you are defenseless. These people are interpreted by the society of that time period, as a low class and undeserved type of people who basically do not need rights. Liberty on the other hand, is having the chance to proceed with life with no tricks and deceptions from anyone. It is to be with your loved ones, and to feel secure at all times when being with them or anyone. Like for example So...

Emotional Poems for Veterans Day

Emotional Poems for Veterans Day When emotions take over, the poet within you often emerges. These Veterans Day excerpts from poems touch the heart and soul of every patriot. They will send chills down your spine. They bring the horror of war home. If you know a veteran, share these words to let them know their devotion to country is important and appreciated. Veterans Day Poems Stephen Crane War Is Kind Do not weep, babe, for war is kind.Because your father tumbles in the yellow trenches,Raged at his breast, gulped and died,Do not weep.War is kind. Philip Freneau On the Departure of the British From Charleston But fame is theirs - and future daysOn pillard brass shall tell their praise;Shall tell - when cold neglect is dead - These for their country fought and bled. Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass I saw battle-corpses, myriads of them,And the white skeletons of young men - I saw them;I saw the debris and debris of all the dead soldiers of the war;But I saw they were not as was thought;They themselves were fully at rest - they suffer’d not;The living remain’d and suffer’d  - the mother suffer’d,And the wife and the child, and the musing comrade suffer’d,And the armies that remain’d suffer’d. Edgar Guest The Things That Make a Soldier Great Endanger but that humble street whereon his children run,You make a soldier of the man who never bore a gun.What is it through the battle smoke the valiant soldier sees? John McCrae In Flanders Fields In Flanders fields the poppies blowBetween the crosses, row on row,That mark our place; and in the skyThe larks, still bravely singing, flyScarce heard amid the guns below. Li Po Nefarious War In the battlefield men grapple each other and die;The horses of the vanquished utter lamentable cries to heaven,While ravens and kites peck at human entrails,Carry them up in their flight, and hang them on the branches of dead trees. Rudyard Kipling Tommy Its Tommy this, and Tommy that,And chuck him out the brute,But its Savior of his Country,When the guns begin to shoot. Siegfried Sassoon Aftermath But the past is just the same - and War’s a bloody game...Have you forgotten yet?...Look down, and swear by the slain of the War that you’ll never forget. Wilfred Owen Anthem for Doomed Youth What passing-bells for these who die as cattle?Only the monstrous anger of the guns.Only the stuttering rifles’ rapid rattleCan patter out their hasty orisons. Alfred, Lord Tennyson The Charge of the Light Brigade Half a league, half a league,Half a league onward,All in the valley of DeathRode the six hundred.‘Forward, the Light Brigade!Charge for the guns!’ he said:Into the valley of DeathRode the six hundred. Elizabeth Barrett Browning Mother and Poet Dead! One of them shot by the sea in the east,And one of them shot in the west by the sea.Dead! both my boys! When you sit at the feastAnd are wanting a great song for Italy free,Let none look at me! Sophie Jewett Armistice We pray the fickle flag of truceStill float deceitfully and fair;Our eyes must love its sweet abuse;This hour we will not care,Though just beyond to-morrows gate,Arrayed and strong, the battle wait.

List of possible risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

List of possible risk - Essay Example This may also subject the respondent to severe loss of reputation since confidentiality and privacy being the reasons normally given by potential respondents for unwillingness to participate in such surveys. This risk can easily be reduced by the members adherence to confidentiality of the survey responses and to make sure no information is leaked to irrelevant persons and in the long run will boost the confidence of the respondents to give all the information required. Also the computers used in storing the information are locked with passwords which are only accessible by the members only. Data and information security is high priority; this is due to the fact that this information is sometimes confidential. The risk of losing or unprotect the data will mean losing the survey and could lead to the share of the information to a third party. Even after carefully planning and survey administration, problems do take place leading to a data which is not sufficiently valid and reliable. Insufficient measures for keeping data, as in computer information systems also result in loss and alteration of data. (Marrett, 2003). Data can also be lost during the analysis, processing and reporting of data information through incorrect transfer of data in the database, this can therefore by use of any kind of backups on the computers used and also by using cloud computing. Data loss through members of the team can also be prevented by the team administering an oath of allegiances, this will make the members to be more careful on the kind of information they share from the survey. (Marrett, 2003). For a survey to give a consistent, relevant and sound evident, the information it provides must be both valid and relevant to the purpose. For the survey to be reliable, all the measurements must be consistent from one individual to the other involved in the survey at different

Economic History Of The United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economic History Of The United States - Essay Example Under normal water draft conditions, a barge can carry 2200 tons of dry cargo. Typically a train of 15 barges is pulled through the river by a tow. A one-foot fall in water level requires the loading of each barge to be reduced to 1600 tons to prevent the barges from running aground on sandbanks in the river. This reduced capacity has already caused spot market prices for barge transport to rise by $ 4 a ton. River transportation carries over 60% of US grain exports and 22% of the domestic petroleum and petroleum products. A single train of 15 barges carries as much material as 70 trucks and road transport would not only be far more expensive in fuel cost but also in terms of increased air pollution.  Previously, in 1988, there was similar disruption of river transportation due to drought which led to the construction of dikes on the Mississippi river to release water into the river in the summer months. This year, the Congress has authorized $ 120 million for dredging. River trans portation which is so vital for US commerce still remains subject to the vagaries of the weather.  In our course on The Economic History of the United States, we have learned how the invention of steamboats caused a surge in river transportation of agricultural produce that helped settlers in the mid-west transport farm produce to the population centers in the eastern United States. This improvement in river transportation of materials also led to the development of navigable canals to improve connectivity to the north east.

The Motivation of the US Participating in the WWII Research Paper

The Motivation of the US Participating in the WWII - Research Paper Example The cold war came after WWI and WWII in which there was a state of political and military tension between the Western and the Eastern Blocs. There was little or no direct fighting but supported the proxy wars in Korea, Afghanistan, and Vietnam. The period was full of psychological warfare, technological competition, and propaganda (6). Technology development such as space race was the key as the two blocs competed and prepared for future wars. The cold war resulted in a unipolar international system in which the US became the World Superpower. Many lives were lost in wars involving the Koreans and Vietnam, and there were several tensions all over the world created by competition by the US and the Soviet Union. Large nuclear weapons were built during this era, which can cause a devastating effect on the world. The cold war defines the role of US politics in WWII as it had several military alliances in over 50 countries. The cold war resulted in the global commitment to peace all over the world and huge funding for military science. The other legacies of the cold war were nuclear with the mass manufacture of nuclear weapons and the economic legacies in which nations focused peace and developments to repair the destruction caused by the WWI and WII (45). Institutions such as national defence and security forces were formed by governments secure countries’ boundary from external attacks. The WWI and WWII can be viewed as the starting point for the rebuilding of several nations and the modern development of technology.

Consumers Perception Towards Online Shopping In Singapore Marketing Essay

Consumers Perception Towards Online Shopping In Singapore Marketing Essay During the few past years, the Internet has grown to new levels not even envisioned. The Internet changes the way people live, work and purchase. Demangeot Broderick (2007) state that Internet provides great advantages for the consumers, such as variety of products, services and prices from different suppliers Using Internet facilities, commercial organisations can develop new markets; and improve the competitiveness of the company (Eastlick et al., 2006). However, the Internet may also create threats to some organizations. The number of Internet users is increasing year by year. Figure 1 shows the growth of Internet users globally. The fast growth of e-shopping and the increasing number of e-retailers has created an extremely competitive market place(George, 2004). Competing issues create a need for managers to understand factors which influence people using Internet as a new purchasing media (Fraser et al., 2005). It is becomes essential for the companies to understand benefits and risks of online shopping in order to underline the benefits and minimize risks. Figure 1 Growth of Internet Users in the World Source: http://www.internetworldstats.com/emarketing.htm 1.2. Background of the Country Singapore is an industrial country, which has a highly developed market- based economy. Total Singapore population is 4,987,600 (Singstat, June 2009) from which 72.4 per cent has an access to Internet at home (Singapore Internet Statistics, 2010). Figure 2 illustrates the Internet users growth in Singapore, which is 180.8per cent for the nine years period from 2000. Figure 2 Internet Usage http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm#asia Based on research, conducted by IPSOS in 2007 (Figure 3), more than 60% of online users in Singapore use online shopping, which gives high potential for online trade market. Figure 3 Online shopping statistics Source: http://www.insightbureau.com/insight_reports/mc_insights/2008_Q3_OnlineShopAP.pdf 1.3 Objectives, research questions and research hypotheses This study is intended to understand the buying process and behaviour of online consumers. The basic objectives of the study are: To determine consumer behaviour in online environment To identify the main influencers in online buying process To identify peoples attitude towards benefits and risks of online shopping Based on objectives identified, the following questions are raised: What are the main factors that influence consumer purchasing decision online? Is there any differences between online and offline consumer? What consumer segments are more likely to shop online? Is there any connection between identified factors and consumer segment groups? Based on objectives and questions above, conceptualizing framework for this research has been developed. The important variables are clearly showed through logical reasoning in the framework. Based on this framework, the null and alternative hypotheses are developed as the followings: There is a difference as well as no difference in perception on benefits of Internet purchasing between online and offline consumers There is a difference as well as no difference in perceived risks towards Internet purchasing between online and offline consumers 1.4. Scope With the fast growth of Internet commerce it becomes very important for companies to study consumer behaviour (Jobber, 2001). If the influencing factors in the online buying and selling process can be identified, than it can be meaningful for the online companies to give much emphasis on these factors. The majority of companies want to increase the overall volume of the business because this can lead to significant reductions in costs and competitive advantages (Kotler, 2003). This research will pay attention to consumer behaviour in the online environment, providing theoretical information about online purchasing behaviour of the consumers. Additionally, the present study is an attempt to get insight into peoples perceptions towards online shopping in Singapore. This study will specify on the perception of Internet users towards benefits and risks associated with online shopping and how company can avoid customers concerns about online shopping. Chapter Two: Literature review 2.1 Introduction Currently, e-commerce is getting huge attention from a range of organisation and customers due to the fact of fast Internet development (Lee Lin, 2005). Online shopping, as a part of E-commerce, is becoming a tendency in Singapore (Rotem-Mindali et al., 2006). Online shopping has both advantages and disadvantages. Purchasing behaviour is determined by consumers view of benefits and risks of online shopping. This literature review intends to review of all the relevant factors. Firstly, the definition of e-commerce and its growth will be defined. Secondly, theories regarding consumer perception and behaviour will be reviewed. Finally, the main benefits and risks will be summarized. 2.2. Definition of E-commerce There are different definitions of what is e-commerce. E-commerce is a very broad term used to describe process where electronic connections make resources exchange be possible (Vrechopoulos et al., 2001). In context of the Internet, E-commerce is used as a general term. The definitions of e-commerce are focused on buying and selling using the Internet. According to Mark van Ketel and Tim D. Nelson (2009) electronic commerce (e-commerce), a subset of e-business, includes selling goods and services, as well as purchasing and exchanging over the Internet. Torkzadeh and Dhillion (2002) describe e-commerce as a purchase and sale over the Internet. This includes the process of finding a product, ordering and receiving as well as costs and benefits of a product or service. Generally, E-commerce can be broken into two main categories: Business to business (B2B) is where business makes online transactions with other businesses (Turban et al., 2003) Business to consumer (B2C) is where online transactions are made between a business and an individual consumer (Wareham, 2000). 2.2.1 The importance of E-commerce According to Carla et al. (2006) Internet is a powerful instrument to buy, sell and distribute goods and services worldwide in a fast growing supply chain. Internet provides potential market that has no or little restrictions, such as geography or time (Blackwell, 2000). E-commerce provides enormous opportunities for growth and development. Through the Internet people can communicate with each other over vast distances. It allows commercially moving business and people to a market in which everything that is for sale is advertised and everything that is wanted for purchase is requested somewhere (Kanttila, 2005). Over the years E-commerce changing the way business used to work. According to Wareham, E (2000) Expedia sells more than $ 14 million worth of hotels and airline reservations a day from its web-site Federal Express in Singapore began to save $10,000 a day by creating customer service department online (Kotler, 2003). The Internet provides businesses with the opportunity to sell their products to millions of people, 24 hours a day (Bellman, 2006). Buyers and sellers can thus contact each other with no or little cost. The development of e-commerce is often claimed to be reshaping almost all industries (Pawlyna, 1999). It influences the operation of organisations and peoples activities greatly and brings fundamental changes to the way that business is conducted. E-commerce can enhance organisations performance by tangible and significant operational efficiency (Mutz, 2005). 2.2.2 The growth of E-commerce and online shopping The B2C and Internet usage rates are making stable progress and rising constantly. Electronic retailing, the B2C segment of e-commerce, is set to grow exponentially in the next few years (Siyal et al., 2006). Total online retail revenue is increasing year after year and expecting to increase in the nearest future (Shu et al., 2006). The increase of B2C e-commerce cannot help but to impact peoples attitude to buy goods. Currently, one in ten Singapore adults can be categorized as frequent online purchasers (Shun, 2006). Presently around 72.4 per cent of Singapore households are web-connected (Singapore Internet Statistics 2010), also this position is expected to grow over the next decades (Singstat, 2009) In the early stage of growth, e-retailing, the B2C segment of e-commerce is set to grow exponentially in the next few years (Tan, 2007). However, online shopping still remains as yet a minority pursuit with purchases concentrated in a comparatively narrow range of categories such as clothing and software, music and travelling (Shun, 2006). 2.3. Segmentation of Online consumers Vrechopoulos et al. (2001) segmented e-shoppers based on demographic, behavioural and attitudinal characteristics. Figure 4 illustrates classification of different segments of online shopping. Brown et al. (2003) classify e-shoppers according to purchasing motivations for shopping, which illustrated in Figure 5. Figure 4 Vrechopoulos, Siomkos and Doudikiss Segmentation of e-shoppers Characteristic On-off shoppers Online shoppers Interested in online shopping Social and demographic variables Gender Mainly men Men and women Age 25-44 18-44 Education University and postgraduate studies University studies Level of income Above average Average or above Material status Single Married Job Scientists, professionals, working in the private sector Scientist, public and private sector employees Attitudinal variables Home shopping motivations Time saving, opening hours Time saving, opening hours, exclusivity Online shopping motivations Fast delivery, low prices, range of products and opening times Home delivery, low prices, range of products and opening times Preferred payment method Cash on delivery, credit cards Cash on delivery Willingness to pay more than through traditional channels No No Willingness to pay delivery costs Yes Yes Source: Adopted by an author from Vrechopoulos, A., Siomkos, G. Doudikis, G. (2001) Figure 5 Segmentation of online consumers according to purchase motivations Type of shopper Purchase motivations Personalised shopper Personal relationship with the seller. Service adapts to shoppers needs Recreational shopper Enjoys the act of shopping Economic shopper Achieve the nest quality-price relationship for the purchase Involved shopper Enjoys shopping and values personal relations Convenience shopper Values time and effort. Enjoy reduced prices Local shopper Loyal to a brand or shop in their local area Apathetic shopper Rejects the act of shopping. Values the convenience of Internet Source: adopted by an author from Brown, M., Pope, N., Voges, K., (2003) 2.4 Consumers behaviour theories 2.4.1 Consumers perception and consumer behaviour Pawlyna (1999) identified perception as an initiator of behaviour. Additionally, perception can be considered as a process of information extraction. Even in the same reality, different people tend to perceive differently. Its vital to understand, that peoples perceptions are more important than the reality in marketing (Kotler, 2000). The factors, which influence consumers purchasing behaviour online can be identified by understanding customer behaviour. In most studies perception identified as input, while behaviour as output, and treated as two separate phenomena. Rotem-Mindali (2006) suggested that perception and behaviour are two sides of the same phenomenon and are closely related to each other. Current study considered perception and behaviour as one integral part in order to understand customer perception and reasons which affect it. 2.4.2 Consumer decision process There are several models (see Appendix 1), which describes customer purchasing behaviour, though they all have similar attributes that should be considered as fundamental stages upon which the consumers behaviour is developed. Figure 6illustratesmain steps involved in consumer decision process. Figure 6 Consumer decision process model Source: Adopted by an author fromhttp://tutor2u.net/business/marketing/buying_decision_process.asp Predispositions (Before Purchase): This stage includes past experiences, customer own personality and self-concept, attitudes and opinions in general, as well as on specific products. Product Need: Buyuko et al. (2004) stated that buyer recognises a need which can be satisfied by a product or service, as a result of either cognitive activity or some environmental stimulus. It can be simplified that the need is often caused by internal or external stimuli. Information Search: The search may arise on an internal and external basis (Goh, 1999). According to Donald (1974) this stage includes all searches of the internal and external environments for the alternative solutions as well as for information which can help in evaluating of those alternatives. The search for the information usually includes previous experiences and should be relevant to the present purchase situation. Evaluation of Alternatives: This stage involves comparison of alternatives from physical and cognitive activities. Consumers compare various brands by taking in consideration several attributes (Kotler, 2000). Attributes used for the evaluation of alternatives by consumers are also known as choice criteria. Figure 7shows a summary of these choice criteria. Additionally, differentiation and number of alternatives, time pressure as well as level of involvement will reflect the extent of problem solving. As shown in Figure 8the extent to which customer involved in decision making process influence each stage of customer decision making process. Figure7Choice criteria used for the evaluation of alternatives by consumers Source: Adopted by an author from Bellman, S., Johnson, E. J., Lohse, G. L., Mandel, N. (2006).   Figure 8 Purchase Involvement and Stages of consumer decision making process Source: http://www.slideshare.net/roymogg/marketing-focus-on-the-customer-presentation Purchase Activity: This stage consist of customer involvement in making an actual financial decision as well as direct physical activities involved in decision making process about making purchase or not. Also this stage includes the actual transaction. However, customer decision can be postponed, modified, or avoided due to influence of perceived risk involved in purchase decision (Kotler,2000). Therefore, it is essential for marketers to recognize and understand factors that might provoke perceived risk and find out solutions to minimize that (Bellman et al., 2006). Post Purchase Behaviour: According to Kotler (2000) the current stage primarily concerned with product or service purchased by the customer. This level requires customers experience of satisfaction or dissatisfaction about purchased product or service, which further will influence subsequent behaviour of consumer. According to Fox all et al (1998) satisfaction or dissatisfaction created by product or service will make major impact on future purchase decisions. Predispositions (After Purchase and Use): After the process of purchasing the buyer (or non- buyer) should be left with cognitive content (Gunasekaran et al., 2004), which can be differ from that which present at the early stages. Consumers attitude, information and experience may be changed due to factors of time and events (Hawkins, 1989). All of the above can influence the future purchase decision of the same type. 2.4.3. Consumer behaviour in Online Environment When consumers shop online, they perform a similar sequence of tasks to offline shoppers (Mowen et al., 2003). Besides, online environment provides more information regarding each alternatives, also online environment is more flexible and time saving. Internet has significant impact on each stage of traditional decision making process. Final customer decision depends on several factors, which are illustrated in Figure 9. Figure 9 Main factors that influence customer purchasing decision Source: Adopted by an author from Buyuko Zumi; Kan, Gulcin (2004) Figure 9 presented factors, which lead to the decision process, which is described below. Problem recognition: Feeling the need or recognize the problem is the starting point. The Internet can generate the need or problem by itself and also can encourage customers to start the information search process (Breitenbach and van Doren, 1998). Information Search: Internet is one of the powerful sources of information, it has great advantages to store and process the information (Buyuko Zumi, 2004), and due to the above Internet has a deep impact on the Information Search stage. According to Wareham (2000) Internet provides wide access to information base for the consumers. Comparing to the traditional environment Web is less costly and require less time for information search (Turban  et al., 2002). One of the important differences between online and offline environment is the costs for the characteristics and attributes for which information can be obtained, are usually lower in online atmosphere (Kanttila, 2005). Still, the Internet has far less impact for the products that are perceived as low risk and that are bought frequently (Mutz, 2005). Additionally, the Internet is much less effective for value expressive products than for functional products, which attributes can be easily compared online (Rayport et al., 2003). Product Evaluation: This stage requires customers to make final value judgment through evaluating different information. The main benefit of online shops is their ability to store large amount of content at a relatively low cost (Rotem-Mindali et al., 2006). Thus, this can be turned to advantage when customers evaluating the product. On another hand, Internet provides lack of tangibility, which leads to difficulties in evaluating products. Purchase Activity: Current stage involves issues regarding transactions, which include the following steps: Agree contractually on purchase Pay for the purchase Wait for the delivery Receive physical delivery This stage can be influenced by different consumer-related factors, such as price, trustworthiness, availability or diversity of choices. According to Jobber (2001) this stage is also influenced by customer involvement, which is shown in Figure 6. Thus, customer will carry out very extensive evaluation when the purchase is very involving. On the contrary, purchases with low involvement will lead to simple evaluation and quick decision making (Schiffman, 2004). Post Purchase Activities: This stage is concerned with the satisfaction or dissatisfaction after purchase is made (Solomon et al., 2002). Internet provides good potential for customer satisfaction, as well as help to retain them. Web site can provide free customer support services, which will encourage repeat visits. Additionally, value-added services or feedback can be provided to the customers in order to retain existing customers and attract new (Siyal et al., 2006). 2.5. Benefits of the online shopping As discussed previously, there are a lot of factors that affect consumers purchasing process. Those factors reflect both, advantages as well as disadvantages of Internet as a shopping medium. The advantages or benefits of online shopping considered by customers described as the followings. 2.5.1 Convenience The customers expect online shopping to be easier and more convenient than as compare to traditional (Shun, 2006). Convenience is appearing very obvious at the stage of information search. According to Kotler (2003) The Internet is an almost perfect market due to the fact that information provided immediately and buyers can make a comparison of offers globally. As a result, consumers require minimal effort and time in order to compare and contrast competitive products. 2.5.2. Time saving According to Rayport et al. (2003) those who buy clothing on Web most often appreciate time saving. The process of locating merchants, finding items and procure offerings is easier in online environment (Maruca, 1999), which means online shopping can economize on time. Consumers do not require leaving their houses and spent time for travelling in order to make merchandise. Additionally, online environment allows browsing for needed items by size, category or price. Browsing and time benefits of online shopping represent the positive perception of e-satisfaction (Lichtenthal, 2004). 2.5.3. Product related benefits Comparing with a conventional retailer, e-retailer is able to offer a more wider range of products, because e-retailer do not have physical restrictions in terms of the amount and cost of floor space which is needed to display goods (Kanttila, 2005). Furthermore, it is less costly and easier for e-retailer to form alliances with other supplier, which brings more extensive inventories. 2.5.4. Lower price Internet enhances customer knowledge about pricing. In online environment customers are able to visit sites of competitors and compare the prices; moreover intermediaries provide price comparisons, which make process of evaluation more convenient and time saving (Gunasekaran et al., 2004). This transparency of price increases the competition between e-retailers and drives the price down. Furthermore the cost for performing online business is lower than for offline (e.g. minimal staffing cost, no retail space costs), this also lead to lower prices (Brown et al., 2003). However, some researches show those consumers are ready to pay for the online products same as for offline in exchange for the convenience (Rayport et al., 2003). 2.6. Perceived risks of online shopping Perceived risk can be defined as the uncertainty which arise when customer cannot predict the consequences of purchase decision (Farley et al., 1973). The level of risk can vary depending on individuals, personality, situation and product. However, perceived risk can be reduced to some acceptable level in any purchase situation. 2.6.1. Risk of privacy Privacy may mean diverse things to different people. Generally privacy refers to a moral right of individuals to avoid interruption interruptions into their personal life and affairs by third parties (Rotem-Mindali et al., 2006). Privacy is the main factor which stops many consumers from online shopping. Most of the time individuals get afraid that their private information can be sold, used, shared or discovered in an incorrect manner. According to Kanttila (2005)  fears and concerns of online purchasing reduce online purchasing decisions. 2.6.2. Security risk Security risks are often related to privacy issues. Security, especially online payment security is one of the main concerns for the consumers in e-shopping (Shun, 2006). Even the Internet and advanced technology improving fast, there are still high proportion of online users who are very cautious about making online purchase due to the concerns over credit and debit card security. Majority of customers have concerns whether the company is legal and private information will be not distributed to third parties, due to high percentage of hackers operating online (Siyal et al., 2006). 2.6.3. Lack of inspection before purchase Absence of direct sensory cues is another perceived risk, which is often mentioned both by marketers and customers. According to Schiffman Kanuk (2004 the fact that consumers are unable to touch products offered online is considered as significant drawback. This fact leads to more uncertainties regarding online shopping, because consumers have doubts about quality of the purchased product. This is also the reason why a lot of products which require high involvement are seldom purchased online (Rayport et al., 2003). 2.6.4. Risk of delivery Another drawback of online purchase is time between the purchase was made and time it received. When purchasing online, consumers cannot obtain the purchased product directly after transaction (Mutz, 2005). After the transaction was made the product will reach customer via home/office delivery sometime later. Therefore the reliability of delivery is another concerning issue. Additional problem which involved in delivery process is speed. One more issue to consider about home delivery is the presence of customer at home (Lichtenthal, 2004). Sometimes time of the delivery can be uncertain, and such situation can also lead to uncertainty. 2.6.5. Risk of returning Product returns are essential for the customers convenience and satisfaction. Majority of researches shows that the rate of online returns are low, however it is only due to the fact that customers find the process of returning is too complex (Constantinides, 2004). Such disgruntled customers are unlikely to continue online shopping in future (Case, 2002). Another issue in returning goods is that money usually are paid through credit or debit card, and here arise another problem of returning money back on the customer account, which depend not on e-company, but on the bank through which purchase was done. 2.7. Summary It is unarguable that the Internet has become an important part of peoples lives, enabling the fast growth of e-commerce. Currently, e-commerce is making improvements in customers satisfaction and tries to involve more people in online business environment (Chen Dubinsky, 2003). Consumer perception is the creator of customer performance, at the same time customer actions are the output of consumer perception (Citrin et al., 2000). It is useful to understand factors which influence buyers perception and purchasing behaviour. The adaptation of Internet creates a great impact on purchasing behaviour by providing more information, facilitating evaluation and decision making, and after-sales feedback. Additionally, online shopping includes different benefits and risks related to factors influencing consumer purchasing behaviour. The main benefits of online shopping are: Convenience Time saving Great product choice Product customization Lower prices The most common perceived risks of online shopping are: Privacy risks Security risks Lack of inspection Delivery issues Inconvenience of returning References Anonymous (2009) Asia Internet Usage and population [online] Available at http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm#asia [accessed 4 July 2010] Anonymous (NY) Buyer Behaviour decision-making process[online] Available at http://tutor2u.net/business/marketing/buying_decision_process.asp [accessed 4 July 2010] Anonymous (2009) Focus on customers to increase sales marketing tips[online] Available at http://www.slideshare.net/roymogg/marketing-focus-on-the-customer-presentation [accessed 3 July 2010] Ajzen, Icek Fishbein, Martin (1980) Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Prentice Hall; Facsimile edition, pp. 63-245 Andreasen, A. (1997).  Prescriptions for Theory-Driven Social Marketing Research: A Response to Goldbergs Alarms.  Journal of Consumer Psychology, 6(2), 189-196. Bag, M. (2009). Some models of consumer Behaviour [online] Available at http://vlrcmbag.blogspot.com/2009/03/some-models-of-consumer-behaviour.html [accessed 4 July 2010] Bellman, S., Johnson, E. J., Lohse, G. L., Mandel, N. (2006).  Designing Marketplaces of the Artificial With Consumers in Mind: Four Approaches to Understanding Consumer Behavior in Electronic Environments.  Journal of Interactive Marketing, 20, 21-33. Blackwell, R.D., Miniard, P.W. Engel, J.F. (2000) Consumer Behaviour, USA New York: Fort Worth, Har- court College  Publishers Breitenbach Craig S., Van Doren Doris C., (1998) Value-added marketing in the digital domain: enhancing the utility of the Internet, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 15 Iss: 6, pp.558 575 Brown, M., Pope, N., Voges, K., (2003). Buying or browsing? An exploration on shopping orientations and online purchase intention. European Jornal of Marketing, 37 (11/12), pp. 1666-1684 Buyuko Zumi; Kan, Gulcin (2004); Multi-criteria decision making for e-market place selection Internet Research; 2004, Vol. 14, Issue 2 Carla, Ruiz, Mafe, Carlos, Lassala, Navsrre (2006). Segmenting consumers by E-shopping Behaviour and online purchase. [online] Available at http://jib.debii.curtin.edu.au/iss03_mafe.pdf [accessed 4 July 2010] Case, Anne-Sophie (2002), Perceived Risk and Risk-Reduction Strategies in Internet Shopping  International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research. 12 (4), 375-394. Chen Z. Dubinsky A. J. (2003) A Conseptual Model of Perceived Customer Value in E-Commerce: A Preliminary Investigation,  Psychology Marketing, Vol. 20, No. 4, 323-347. Chuan-Fong Shih; Dedrick, Jason; Kraemer, Kenneth L. (2005). Rule of Law and the International Diffusion of e-Commerce Communications of the ACM Nov 2005, Vol. 48, Issue 11 Citrin, A.V., Sprott, D.E., Silverman S. N., and Stem, D.E, Jr. (2000), Adoption of internet Shopping: The Role of Consumer Innovativeness,  Industrial Management Data System, 10017, 294-300. Constantinides, Efthymios (2004), Influencing the online consumers behavior Web experience, vol.14 No 2, pp. 111- 126 Demangeot C., Broderick A. J.,(2007) Conceptualising consumer behavior in online shopping environments,  International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Vol. 35, No. 11, 878-894. Donald R. Lehmann, Terrance V. OBrien, John U. Farley and John A. Howard, (1974) Some Empirical Contributions to Buyer Behavior Theory,  Journal of Consumer Research, 1, 43-55. Dr Wee Keng Neo, Lynda (2009) Cyberbuying in China, Hong Kong Singapore: Tracking the profile of on-line buyers [online] Available at http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statsres/conferences/ecommerce/r308.pdff [accessed 4 July 2010] Eastlick M.A., Lotz S.,(1999) Profiling Potential Adopters and Non-adopters of an Interactive Electronic Shopping Medium,  International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Vol. 27, 6, 209-223. Eastlick, M.A., Lotz, S.L. and Warrington, P., (2006) Understanding online B-to-C Relationship: An Integrated Model of Privacy Concerns, Trust, and Commitment,Journal of